Key Takeaways
- Taming inflation continues to be the main theme for global economies.
- Central banks become more cautious about hiking interest rates, as the risk of recession has increased.
- Tightening lending standards along with weakening corporate fundamentals have put downward pressure on expected credit performance.
- Consumer performance is weakening.
- Real estate equity has re-priced.
- Agricultural credit remains healthy with income growth stabilizing.
- Cash and safe-haven assets are preferred over public equities and other risky assets amid banking sector-driven volatility and ongoing risk-off market sentiment.
The “Music” May Stop in Late 2023
Taming inflation is the main theme for global economies. Tightening monetary policy, slower growth and rising recession risk are all likely having an impact. U.S. — A recession in 2023 remains as our base case (Figure 2) with inflation falling to less than 3% and the unemployment rate rising above 4.5%. Europe — Eurozone economies are expecting weaker growth amid continued contractionary policies as policymakers manage sticky core inflation. Energy issues seem to have abated somewhat, with higher gas reserves than last year. Asia — Growth momentum remains decent for the region, with headwinds likely to build up later in the year. Tighter monetary policy is expected due to the hawkish influence of the Fed and stickier-than-expected inflation. Latin America — Like other economies, GDP growth is likely to decelerate in 2023 due to tighter monetary policies and political uncertainties. Inflation is expected to ease gradually, thanks to a moderation in commodity prices.
Figure 1 | Tactical Asset Allocation Views
Note:
1. The asset class views in the chart above are solely based on our macroeconomic views, sector fundamentals, and market expectations by the authors, which may be different from MetLife's, Portfolio Managers' and sector strategist views, which are included in this report. For illustrative purposes only.
2. The asset class views are not associated with any MetLife or Client portfolios.
3. No portfolio specific constraints are considered in these recommendations.
4. The asset class views reflect a relative directional overweight/underweight among the assets, without absolute weightings.
The End of Tightening Cycle May Be Near
U.S. Treasury — We continue to expect the Fed to conclude this hiking cycle by mid-2023 given our view of slowing economic growth and rising recession risk. Bunds — Less generous monetary policy support has seen bund yields rise sharply over the past year but demands for bunds are expected to remain solid, especially during periods of heightened uncertainty. JGBs — The BoJ is likely to prefer to act cautiously rather than tighten prematurely given the risk of returning the economy back to a disinflationary path. We expect the BoJ to continue its JGB purchases, capping the 10yr segment of the curve at around 50bps. CGBs — We expect China rates to remain rangebound in 1Q23 before rising gradually in 2Q23 as the growth recovery gains stronger traction.
Figure 2 | U.S. Yield Curve Recession Probability Model
Source: Federal Reserve Bank of New York, MetLife Investment Management (MIM)
Lending Standards Are Tightening
After a strong start in 2023, the credit market gave back some of the gains since February as the labor market remains tight and inflation remains sticky. Bank lending standards tightened further in 1Q 2023, and banks expected further tightening and credit deterioration in 2023 (Figure 3). We believe that the credit cycle could turn in the next couple of quarters. At the same time, we do not think credit markets have priced in sufficient downside risk just yet. Across credit markets, valuations are still near their historic averages and priced like mid-cycle. Recent banking sector issues have heightened market uncertainty as participants wonder if, after more than a decade of ultra-easing global monetary policies, there could be more volatility as the consequence of one of the most aggressive Federal Reserve hiking cycles in history. Looking forward, we expect spreads to trend wider on heightened recession risk in 2023. As the Fed’s hiking cycle appears to be close to an end, investors may take the advantage of temporary market strength to upgrade portfolio quality. As a result of this expectation, we continue to recommend “up in quality” for 2023. U.S. Investment Grade (IG) — Credit fundamentals showed early signs of weakening in 4Q 2022 as credit metrics deteriorated for the first time since the pandemic. The outlook remains neutral on the prospect of further slowing in profits and margin pressures. While overall EBITDA margins are marginally off cycle highs, ex-energy EBITDA margins have already peaked. The overall leverage ratio has ticked up while the coverage ratio has ticked down in 4Q 2022. IG yields remain near the highest levels since 2009 and we believe current yield levels are attractive.
Figure 3 | Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey on Bank Lending Practices for Commercial and Industrial Loans to Large/Medium Firms
Note: Index above (and below) zero indicated tightening (easing)
Source: Federal Reserve, MIM
European IG — Credit fundamentals improved in 4Q 2022. EBITDA growth and margins remain at record highs driven by Energy sector. Ex-Energy margins may continue to be under pressure particularly if inflation remains sticky. ECB slowed down its pace of rate hikes on peaking inflation and confidence recovered on fading energy price shock. In addition, China’s reopening may help offset sluggish regional growth. As a result, we upgraded European IG to neutral from underweight. High Yield — Similar to the IG market (credit fundamentals showed early signs of weakening), while the leverage ratio held steady in 4Q 2022, coverage ratio ticked lower as interest expense outpaced EBITDA growth. Although still benign, defaults picked up in 2022 and continued into 2023. The default rate is expected to rise significantly in 2023. Moody’s expects U.S. default is likely to rise to 5.4% by February 2024 from only 2.5% in February 2023. The bond recovery rate remains above its 5-year average. Leveraged Loans — Due to the prevalence of loan-only capital structures, recovery rates are meaningfully lower than historical averages. Although recovery rate for first-lien loans is still above its 5-year average in February 2023, recovery rates for loan-only issuers over the past 12 months are significantly below those for cross issuers. According to JP Morgan’s Default Monitor, the ratings migration trend has been negative as downgrades outnumbered upgrades again in February for 10 consecutive months. Spreads appear cheap, but we are concerned about higher defaults with lower recovery rates and heightened downgrade risk for leveraged loans in 2023 as the credit cycle turns. Municipals — Both general obligation (GO) and revenue bond outlooks remain sound on a challenging macro outlook. For GOs, total state and local government tax revenue declined 1.0% YoY in 3Q 2022 indicated by Urban Institute’s State Tax and Economic Review, the first decline in this cycle. Coincident indexes weakened further in 4Q 2022 while budget reserves for FY2022 came in higher than expectations and FY2023 are revised higher. For revenue bonds, in healthcare sector, the Omicron surge had a more severe financial impact on not-for-profit (NFP) Hospitals starting in 4Q 2021 and continuing into 2022. While EBITDA margins rebounded sequentially in 2Q 2022 and continued to improve in 3Q 2022 and 4Q 2022, hospitals have to improve productivity, cut costs or increase revenue.
Air traffic continues to recover from the 2020 lows. Toll road revenues have largely recovered to pre- pandemic levels. We believe the taxable municipals market is likely to be relatively more resilient in a challenging macro environment. Emerging Market (EM) IG — We expect EM growth to pick up in 2023. LatAm and EMEA growth are still negatively impacted by the lagged impact of monetary tightening and high inflation. Asia appears likely to outperform driven by China’s faster than expected reopening. In China, since the reopening in late 2022, both manufacturing and non-manufacturing PMIs rebounded strongly in 2023 as both measures are already firmly in expansion territory. For EM corporates, outlook remains neutral as quarterly revenues and EBITDA were flat sequentially in 4Q 2022. EBITDA margins are still near cycle peak, and we expect margins to remain healthy but are likely to compress on higher cost pressures. Leverage ratio ticked up in 4Q 2022 as LTM EBITDA deteriorated marginally while debt levels were stable.
Weakest Consumers Are a Concern
Consumers performance is weaker; Commercial Real Estate lending has contracted; defaults are increasing across all sectors; auto and consumer loan performance deterioration are notable. Weakest consumers are a concern, who have low saving rate, high card balances, high borrowing rate. Residential Credit — Case Shiller 20 City composite down to 6.8% YoY (Figure 4). Mortgage volume is low as few people want to move/buy homes. Spring selling season needs to be watched for housing turnover as well as transaction clarity. Overbuilding is not a concern as the builders are reducing starts significantly to work out existing housing stock. Consumers are also not listing homes for sale reducing supply. Home Equity loans are growing as consumers find ways to access cash without refinancing.
Figure 4 | S&P/Case-Shiller US Home Price Index
Source: S&P CoreLogic Case Shiller, MIM
Asset-backed securities (ABS) — The consumer is finally developing some caution as Bureau of Economic Analysis’ Personal Saving rate modestly increased to 3.4% of disposable income while Fed Reserve measures of household debt payments keep increasing. Surprisingly, Conference Board’s consumer confidence index (107.1) and University of Michigan’s consumer sentiment index (66.4) measures are both off their 2022 lows while Manheim Auctions’ auto index (234) surprised to the upside. Lenders continue to tighten standards, reduced card balance limits, and increased yields on borrowing rates. CLO — Issuance recovering as managers look to price deals while volatility has been subdued and markets are open for business. Fundamentals continue to deteriorate with elevated focus on Bank Loan downgrades and corresponding impact on transactions. Failure of over-collateralization ratios infrequent but expected to increase and defaults take hold 2023/2024. CMBS — A precipitous retreat in the lending environment is leading to borrower stress. Percent of loans moving to watchlist/special servicer increasing. Office sector receiving many headlines with several high-profile borrowers reassessing property support. We expect many sponsors to utilize or seek extensions and they may be unable to decrease fixed expenses (taxes) easily. Rating agencies are expected to become more active with downgrade watches leading to poor liquidity and higher cost of funds. Agency MBS — Mortgage origination continues to decline with both the refi and purchase index resting at 20yr lows. Housing turnover is expected to be the main driver of prepayments as 72% of borrowers have mortgage rates of 4% or lower suggested by Goldman Sachs. Current coupon MBS spreads remain wide of historical averages. While valuations are attractive with most asset managers overweight relative to the index, the lack of bank demand continues to weigh on spreads. Private Structured Credit — A very active pipeline is expected in Q2 2023 with healthy sector diversity including consumer, commercial and residential credit. Based on our active pipeline, pricing has generally moved tighter from 300+bps in 4Q22 to the low-mid 200s range driven by the strong rally in public ABS markets. However, in late February ABS spreads broke the tightening trend and finally moved a bit wider. This may alleviate spread compression in the near term.
Real Estate Equity Has Re-priced
Real estate fundamentals remain mostly healthy. We expect that inflation is beginning to cool. Shelter costs which account for nearly a third of the CPI are moving more convincingly toward the Federal Reserve’s target for long-term price growth. While real estate fundamentals for most property types have been stable, capital market conditions have continued to deteriorate, and real estate equity has re-priced.
Agricultural Credit Fundamentals Remain Healthy Amid Macroeconomic Volatility
Net farm income will likely decline year-over-year in 2023 after reaching a record level in 2022. Still, easing input costs and elevated commodity prices are expected to keep farm sector profitability above the long-term average this year (Figure 5). Exports of corn and soybean — key agricultural products that drive farm incomes — have declined but remain near the ten-year average. Drought conditions in South America and low global inventories are anticipated to support agricultural commodity prices and producer incomes in 2023. According to American Bankers Association, farm real-estate loan demand in 2022 grew nearly 10%, and average delinquency rates remained at all-time lows. Above-average profitability and strong asset values will likely continue to support farm lending activity this year. Though, the recent stress in the overall banking system could result in a lending pullback from some regional banks and reduce competition on select transactions. Agricultural mortgage spreads could also be impacted by any additional rate hikes in 2023.
Figure 5 | Historical Real Net Farm Income
Source: Haver Analytics, USDA, and MIM
Safe Haven Assets Are Preferred Over Risky Assets
Given our view of recession in 2023 and the continued yield curve inversion, cash looks like a safe haven that may generate a better risk-adjusted return in the short run. US 3-month Treasury bills, for example, reached as high as 4.9% in March 2023 indicated by Bloomberg, the highest level since 2007. With the possibility of further rate hikes and banking system stresses continuing into the second quarter, public equities are expected to remain volatile. As a result, we continue to hold our risk-off view and prefer safe haven assets as positioning ahead of an expected pending recession.
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